Environment: News & features. We've noticed you're adblocking. We rely on advertising to help fund our award- winning journalism. We urge you to turn off your ad blocker for The Telegraph website so that you can continue to access our quality content in the future. Thank you for your support. And your great, great- grandparents. But once you go back before the 1. Your ancestors slept in a way that modern sleepers would find bizarre – they slept twice. And so can you. The History. The existence of our sleeping twice per night was first uncovered by Roger Ekirch, professor of History at Virginia Tech. Our co-packing suites are climate controlled and segregated from each. Welcome to the archives. One of the great things about Dornob is that you can browse designs in all kinds of ways. Financial, legislative, agricultural, and all the other most important news about the cannabis industry. NOTES ON NURSING What it is, and what it is not BY FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE New York D. Appleton and Company 1860 His research found that we didn. We used to sleep in two shorter periods, over a longer range of night. This range was about 1. References are scattered throughout literature, court documents, personal papers, and the ephemera of the past. What is surprising is not that people slept in two sessions, but that the concept was so incredibly common. Two- piece sleeping was the standard, accepted way to sleep.“It’s not just the number of references – it is the way they refer to it, as if it was common knowledge,” Ekirch says. An English doctor wrote, for example, that the ideal time for study and contemplation was between ? His book, "Cancer as a Metabolic Disease" is an important contribution to the field of how cancer starts and can be treated. Seyfried's work is also heavily featured.Pretty much what you might expect. Most stayed in their beds and bedrooms, sometimes reading, and often they would use the time to pray. Religious manuals included special prayers to be said in the mid- sleep hours. Others might smoke, talk with co- sleepers, or have sex. Some were more active and would leave to visit with neighbours. As we know, this practice eventually died out. Ekirch attributes the change to the advent of street lighting and eventually electric indoor light, as well as the popularity of coffee houses. ![]() Author Craig Koslofsky offers a further theory in his book Evening’s Empire. With the rise of more street lighting, night stopped being the domain of criminals and sub- classes and became a time for work or socializing. Two sleeps were eventually considered a wasteful way to spend these hours. No matter why the change happened, shortly after the turn of the 2. Until about 1. 99. ![]() ![]() The Science. Two sleeps per night may have been the method of antiquity, but tendencies towards it still linger in modern man. There could be an innate biological preference for two sleeps, given the right circumstances. In the early . Rather than staying up and active the usual sixteen hours per day, they would stay up only ten. The other fourteen hours they would be in a closed, dark room, where they would rest or sleep as much as possible. This mimics the days in mid- winter, with short daylight and long nights. At first, the participants would sleep huge stretches of time, likely making up for sleep debt that. Once they had caught up on their sleep though, a strange thing started to happen. They began to have two sleeps. Over a twelve hour period, the participants would typically sleep for about four or five hours initially, then wake for several hours, then sleep again until morning. They slept not more than eight hours total. The middle hours of the night, between two sleeps, was characterized by unusual calmness, likened to meditation. This was not the middle- of- the- night toss- and- turn that many of us experienced. The individuals did not stress about falling back asleep, but used the time to relax. Russell Foster, professor of circadian neuroscience at Oxford, points out that even with standard sleep patterns, this night waking isn. He and his family intentionally went an entire month with no electric light. In the winter months, this meant a lot of darkness and a lot of sleep. Two sleeps may leave you feeling more rested, but this could simply be because you are intentionally giving yourself more time to rest, relax, and sleep. Giving the same respect to the single, eight- hour sleep should be just as effective. Note too that two sleeping needs a lot of darkness . The greater levels of daylight during summer and other seasons would make two sleeping difficult, or even impossible. Perhaps two sleeping is merely a coping mechanism to get through the long, cold, boring nights of the winter. So long as we give our sleep the time and respect it needs, getting the . He did the same thing every night. Update. Well this article proved exceedingly popular! Thank you to everyone who visited, or took the time to leave a comment. I would encourage new visitors to have a read through the comments below for some interesting ideas and perspectives. I learned two things in particular: 1. This is far more common that I thought. A lot of commenters either practice, or used to practice this kind of sleep. Another possible reason for two sleeps is tending the fire during the night. Several clever readers noted that in order to keep a fire running through the night, we would need to get up and tend it. Commenters also raised questions regarding non- European and non- Western cultures, which we’ll be digging into in future articles. For anyone who wants to learn more about this kind of sleep, I’ve linked below to two books referenced in the writing of this article, available on Amazon. Bamboo - Wikipedia. The bamboosi are evergreenperennialflowering plants in the subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. In bamboo, as in other grasses, the internodal regions of the stem are usually hollow and the vascular bundles in the cross section are scattered throughout the stem instead of in a cylindrical arrangement. The dicotyledonouswoodyxylem is also absent. The absence of secondary growth wood causes the stems of monocots, including the palms and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering. Certain species of bamboo can grow 9. Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia, being used for building materials, as a food source, and as a versatile raw product. Bamboo has a higher specific compressive strength than wood, brick, or concrete and a specific tensile strength that rivals steel. The subfamily in its current sense belongs to the BOP clade of grasses, where it is sister to the Pooideae (bluegrasses and relatives). The woody bamboos do not form a monophyletic group; instead, the tropical woody and herbaceous bamboos are sister to the temperate woody bamboos. However, many species are found in diverse climates, from hot tropical regions to cool mountainous regions and highland cloud forests. In the Asia- Pacific region they occur across East Asia, from 5. China, Japan, Korea, India, and Australia, all have several endemic populations. Bamboo is also native through Central America and Mexico, northward into the Southeastern United States. Primarily growing in regions of warmer climates during the late Cretaceous period, vast fields existed in what is now Asia. Some of the largest timber bamboo can grow over 3. However, the size range for mature bamboo is species- dependent, with the smallest bamboos reaching only several inches high at maturity. A typical height range that would cover many of the common bamboos grown in the United States is 4. Anji County of China, known as the . During this time, each new shoot grows vertically into a culm with no branching out until the majority of the mature height is reached. Then, the branches extend from the nodes and leafing out occurs. In the next year, the pulpy wall of each culm slowly hardens. During the third year, the culm hardens further. The shoot is now a fully mature culm. This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction within about three to seven years. Individual bamboo culms do not get any taller or larger in diameter in subsequent years than they do in their first year, and they do not replace any growth lost from pruning or natural breakage. Bamboo has a wide range of hardiness depending on species and locale. Small or young specimens of an individual species produce small culms initially. As the clump and its rhizome system mature, taller and larger culms are produced each year until the plant approaches its particular species limits of height and diameter. Many tropical bamboo species die at or near freezing temperatures, while some of the hardier temperate bamboos can survive temperatures as low as . Some of the hardiest bamboo species can be grown in USDA plant hardiness zones 5, although they typically defoliate and may even lose all above- ground growth, yet the rhizomes survive and send up shoots again the next spring. In milder climates, such as USDA zone 7 and above, most bamboo remain fully leafed out and green year- round. Mass flowering. In fact, many only flower at intervals as long as 6. These taxa exhibit mass flowering (or gregarious flowering), with all plants in a particular 'cohort' flowering over a several- year period. Any plant derived through clonal propagation from this cohort will also flower regardless of whether it has been planted in a different location. The longest mass flowering interval known is 1. Phyllostachys bambusoides (Sieb. In this species, all plants of the same stock flower at the same time, regardless of differences in geographic locations or climatic conditions, and then the bamboo dies. The lack of environmental impact on the time of flowering indicates the presence of some sort of . By having a flowering cycle longer than the lifespan of the rodent predators, bamboos can regulate animal populations by causing starvation during the period between flowering events. Thus, the death of the adult clone is due to resource exhaustion, as it would be more effective for parent plants to devote all resources to creating a large seed crop than to hold back energy for their own regeneration. This argues that the dead culms create a large fuel load, and also a large target for lightning strikes, increasing the likelihood of wildfire. The predator satiation hypothesis does not explain why the flowering cycle is 1. The bamboo fire cycle hypothesis is considered by a few scientists to be unreasonable; they argue. This notion is considered wrong based on distribution of lightning strike data during the dry season throughout India. However, another argument against this is the lack of precedent for any living organism to harness something as unpredictable as lightning strikes to increase its chance of survival as part of natural evolutionary progress. A mutant bamboo plant flowering at a noninteger multiple of its population's flowering interval would release its seeds alone, and would not enjoy the benefits of collective flowering (such as protection from predators). However, a mutant bamboo plant flowering at an integer multiple of its population's flowering interval would release its seeds only during collective flowering events, and would release more seeds than the average plant in the population. It could, therefore, take over the population, establishing a flowering interval that is an integer multiple of the previous flowering interval. The hypothesis predicts that observed bamboo flowering intervals should factorize into small prime numbers. The mass fruiting also has direct economic and ecological consequences, however. The huge increase in available fruit in the forests often causes a boom in rodent populations, leading to increases in disease and famine in nearby human populations. For example, devastating consequences occur when the Melocanna bambusoides population flowers and fruits once every 3. The death of the bamboo plants following their fruiting means the local people lose their building material, and the large increase in bamboo fruit leads to a rapid increase in rodent populations. As the number of rodents increases, they consume all available food, including grain fields and stored food, sometimes leading to famine. These rats can also carry dangerous diseases, such as typhus, typhoid, and bubonic plague, which can reach epidemic proportions as the rodents increase in number. These seeds give rise to a new generation of plants that may be identical in appearance to those that preceded the flowering, or they may produce new cultivars with different characteristics, such as the presence or absence of striping or other changes in coloration of the culms. Several bamboo species are never known to set seed even when sporadically flowering has been reported. Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa balcooa, and Dendrocalamus stocksii are common examples of such bamboo. Rats eat the fruits as described above. Mountain gorillas of Africa also feed on bamboo, and have been documented consuming bamboo sap which was fermented and alcoholic. In turn, these caterpillars are considered a local delicacy. Cultivation. The clearing out or thinning of culms, particularly older decaying culms, helps to ensure adequate light and resources for new growth. Well- maintained clumps may have a productivity three to four times that of an unharvested wild clump. Consistent with the lifecycle described above, bamboo is harvested from two to three years through to five to seven years, depending on the species. Annual cycle: As all growth of new bamboo occurs during the wet season, disturbing the clump during this phase will potentially damage the upcoming crop. Also during this high- rainfall period, sap levels are at their highest, and then diminish towards the dry season. Picking immediately prior to the wet/growth season may also damage new shoots. Hence, harvesting is best a few months prior to the start of the wet season. Daily cycle: During the height of the day, photosynthesis is at its peak, producing the highest levels of sugar in sap, making this the least ideal time of day to harvest. Many traditional practitioners believe the best time to harvest is at dawn or dusk on a waning moon. Leaching. In many areas of the world, the sap levels in harvested bamboo are reduced either through leaching or postharvest photosynthesis. Examples of this practice include: Cut bamboo is raised clear of the ground and leaned against the rest of the clump for one to two weeks until leaves turn yellow to allow full consumption of sugars by the plant. A similar method is undertaken, but with the base of the culm standing in fresh water, either in a large drum or stream to leach out sap. Cut culms are immersed in a running stream and weighted down for three to four weeks. Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the injection of some form of treatment). In the process of water leaching, the bamboo is dried slowly and evenly in the shade to avoid cracking in the outer skin of the bamboo, thereby reducing opportunities for pest infestation. Durability of bamboo in construction is directly related to how well it is handled from the moment of planting through harvesting, transportation, storage, design, construction, and maintenance. Bamboo harvested at the correct time of year and then exposed to ground contact or rain will break down just as quickly as incorrectly harvested material. Clumping bamboo species tend to spread slowly, as the growth pattern of the rhizomes is to simply expand the root mass gradually, similar to ornamental grasses.
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